November 2019 | Elena Bodrova and Deborah J. Leong

Making Play Smarter, Stronger, and Kinder: Lessons from Tools of the Mind

Having spent many years advocating for make-believe play in early childhood classrooms, this is a look at the years of evidence to support the value of play in children’s learning

Read the Article
February 2018 | Editors: Fleer, Marilyn, van Oers, Bert (Eds.)

International Handbook of Early Childhood Education

This international handbook gives a comprehensive overview of findings from longstanding and contemporary research, theory, and practices in early childhood education in the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

Read the Article
August 2016 | Donna Couchenour, J. Kent Chrisman

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Contemporary Early Childhood Education

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Contemporary Early Childhood Education presents in three comprehensive volumes advanced research, accurate practical applications of research, historical foundations and key facts from the field of contemporary early childhood education.

Read the Article
August 2015 | Robert C. Pianta PhD, W. Steven Barnett PhD, Laura M. Justice PhD, Susan M. Sheridan PhD

Scaffolding Self-Regulated Learning in Young Children: Lessons from Tools of the Mind

There is a Tools of the Mind focused chapter in the Handbook of Early Childhood Education Vygotskian and post-Vygotskian views on children’s play by Bodrova E. and Leong, D. J.

Get the Book
March 2015 | NAEYC

Spotlight on Young Children: Exploring Play

In “Assessing and Scaffolding Make-Believe Play,” Deborah J. Leong and Elena Bodrova provide strategies for assessing the levels of preschool children’s independent play to determine the appropriate level of teacher scaffolding.”

Get the Book
February 2015 | Bodrova, E. & Leong, D. .J.

Vygotskian and post-Vygotskian views on children’s play

There is a Tools of the Mind focused chapter in the The Handbook of the Study of Play titled Vygotskian and post-Vygotskian views on children’s play.

Get the Book
February 2015 | Blair, C., & Raver C. C.

Closing the Achievement Gap Through Modification of Neurocognitive and Neuroendocrine Function: Results From a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of an Innovative Approach to the Education of Children in Kindergarten

This article reviews a study which examined whether the Tools of the Mind program increased academic achievement, cognitive flexibility, working memory, attention control, and cognitive processing speed for kindergarten students.

Read the Article
December 2014 | Shayna Cook

Dance, Act, Sing: Using Play-Based Learning to Unlock “Tools of the Mind”

A former Tools of the Mind teacher speaks from experience in response to the study published in the PLOS-One journal. Cook concludes that using play- and experience-based lessons to teach both academic and ‘soft-skills’, like self-regulation, is a proven best practice in early education.

Read the Article
December 2014 | American Psychology Association

Acing the marshmallow test

An interview with The Marshmallow Test author Walter Mischel, PhD, about his book and his research on the lifelong impact of children’s development executive function and self control.

Read the Article
November 2014 | Huffington Post

Neuroscience Improves Early Childhood Education Quality

A review of the study published in the PLOS-One journal on Tools of the Mind’s combined focus on executive functions and early academic learning, suggesting that this combined focus provides the strongest foundation for early success in school.

Read the Article
November 2014 | Reuters

Focus on play in kindergarten may improve grades

A look at the study published in the PLOS-One journal and a focus on how promoting structured play in kindergarten yields improved reading, vocabulary and math scores that persist into first grade.

Read the Article
November 2014 | Clancy Blair, C. Cybele Raver

Closing the Achievement Gap

An experimental evaluation on Tools of the Mind, an innovative approach to the education of children in kindergarten that embeds support for self-regulation, particularly executive functions, into literacy, mathematics, and science learning activities. Results indicate positive effects on executive functions, reasoning ability, the control of attention, and levels of salivary cortisol and alpha amylase, as well as improvements in reading, vocabulary, and mathematics at the end of kindergarten that increased into the first grade. The study found a number of effects specific to high-poverty schools, suggesting that a focus on executive functions and associated aspects of self-regulation in early elementary education holds promise for closing the achievement gap.

Read the Article
November 2014 | New York University

Focusing on executive functions in kindergarten leads to lasting academic improvements

A look at the study published in the PLOS-One journal and how the focus on developing children’s executive functions skills improved academic learning in and beyond kindergarten.

Read the Article
November 2014 | Education Weekly

Kindergartners Benefit From Tools of the Mind, Study Finds

A look at the study published in the PLOS-One journal which suggests Tools of the Mind provides a significant boost for kindergartners in a slew of areas, including higher reasoning, attention control, and reading, vocabulary, and mathematics performance.

Read the Article
September 2014 | Walter Mischel

The Marshmallow Test

In The Marshmallow Test, Walter Mischel - the world's leading expert on self-control - explains how self-control can be mastered and applied to challenges in everyday life and studies that demonstrate that the ability to delay gratification is critical for a successful life.

Get the Book
June 2014 | Jessica Lahey

Why Free Play is the Best Summer School

This article references the Tools of the Mind curriculum and its emphasis on developing executive functioning.

Read the Article
April 2014 | John Medina

Brain Rules for Baby

Brain Rules for Baby shares what current science suggests about how to raise smart and happy children, including discussion of Tools of the Mind and the importance of teaching impulse control.

Get the Book
February 2014 | Yasmeen Khan

“Can $10,329 Buy Quality PreK?”

Describes the Tools of the Mind program as it used in a Children’s Aid Society Pre-k program in East Harlem.

Read the Article
July 2013 | Paul Tough

How Children Succeed: Grit, Curiosity, and the Hidden Power of Character

The author’s visit to a Tools of the Mind classroom is included in the introduction to this book which emphasizes the need for educators to promote non-cognitive skills such as self-regulation, in their students.

Get the Book
January 2013 | Bodrova E., Germeroth, C., & Leong, D. J.

Play and self-regulation: Lessons from Vygotsky

A chapter on Tools of the Mind in the American Journal of Play.

Read the Article
January 2013 |

Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) includes Tools in its list of Effective Social and Emotional Learning Programs

Tools of the Mind is included in the 2013 CASEL Guide to Effective Social and Emotional Learning Programs. Developed by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL), this guide identifies well-designed school-based program for pre-k and school-aged children with potential for broad dissemination.

Read the Article
April 2012 | Jaipaul L. Roopnarine, James E. Johnson, Bodrova E., & Leong, D. J.

Approaches to Early Childhood Education

This book covers a variety of approaches to early childhood education, including Tools of the Mind.

Get the Book
April 2012 | Susan Imholz, Anthony Petrosino

Teacher Observations on the Implementation of the Tools of the Mind Curriculum in the Classroom: Analysis of Interviews Conducted over a One-Year Period

A report on a pilot study of the Tools of the Mind curriculum in pre-k and kindergarten classrooms in an east coast urban school district in the US.

Read the Article
January 2011 | Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman

NurtureShock: New Thinking About Children

A New York Times best seller, Nurture Shock offers a revolutionary new perspective on how many of our most popular strategies for raising children are, in fact, backfiring because key findings in the science of child development and behavior have been overlooked.

Get the Book
June 2008 | W. Steven Barnett, Kwanghee Jung, Donald J. Yarosz, Jessica Thomas, Amy Hornbeck, Robert Stechuk, Susan Burns

Educational Effects of the Tools of the Mind Curriculum: A Randomized Trial

A summary of a randomized controlled study of the effectiveness of the Tools of the Mind program on improving early education and outcomes for young children. The Tools of the Mind program was found to improve classroom quality and children's executive functions.

Read the Article
January 2008 | Adele Diamond, W. Steven Barnett, Jessica Thomas, and Sarah Munro

Preschool Program Improves Cognitive Control

A summary of the significance and conclusions of a study which analyzes the importance of cognitive control skills for success in school and life and are how they are amenable to improvement in at-risk preschoolers without costly interventions.

Read the Article
September 2006 | Bodrova, E. & Leong, D. J

Tools of the Mind: the Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education

This book by Drs. Bodrova and Leong is recognized as a classic for its down-to-earth explanation of the Vygotskian approach and how it can be applied in classrooms. The second edition published in 2007, and has been translated into multiple languages.

Get the Book
January 2005 | Bodrova, E. & Leong, D.J.

High Quality Preschool Programs: What Would Vygotsky Say?

A paper that considers the definition of high quality preschool from a Vygotskian perspective.

Read the Article
January 2003 | Bodrova, E. & Leong, D. J.

Chopsticks and counting chips: Do play and foundational skills need to compete for the teacher’s attention in an early childhood classroom?

A Tools of the Mind article in C. Copple (ed.) Growing Minds: Building strong cognitive foundations in early childhood. Washington DC: NAEYC

Read the Article
January 2001 | Elena Bodrova and Deborah J. Leong

Tools of the Mind: A Case Study of Implementing the Vygotskian Approach in American Early Childhood and Primary Classrooms

This monograph describes the piloting of an early Tools of the Mind project and its development of tools to support early literacy learning and a highly innovative method for training teachers. This pilot was a collaboration between Russian and American education researchers, applying Vygotskian theories to the cultural context of the United States.

Read the Article